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Early Map of Thule and Norse lands

Thule and Norse Trading Routes

Norse/Thule travelers sailed extensively,trading, warring, and spreading knowledge. Norse Ships were technological marvels, built to withstand long journeys as well as shallow water. Remarkably they could also be carried by the crew over land if needed. Warships were called Langskip - Longship, and trade ships were called Knorr.
They used coins and tokens amongs themselves and with some countries. No doubt voyages were long and boring, so they must have entertained each other with fantastic stories about what they saw.

Stellar Clocks
How did they know where they were? At night, knowing your position is critical, especially if reliable clocks don't exist. Norse sailors used the movement of the planets to tell the time.
To be a good sailor you needed to be a good astronomer, and knowing which planet you were looking at could prevent costly mistakes.
The Mayans had a clever system for predicting if Venus would appear in the morning or at night, as it can be mistaken for Mercury. The Norse devised a notation to explain the movement of the planets, and this is became astronomy (the star arrangement) and astrology (lists of measurements of the stars)

Gotland / Sweden / Sueden

Homeland / Father land. Eden / own land. Norse people who traded animal furs with neighbouring areas.
The Norse languages originated around here, and the idea of naming things including the stars and planets originated here.
The ancient Swedes understood the movement of the major planets and navigated by the stars, they took the concept of writing around the northern territories.

England

Engeland, Angel-Land, Angleland, Angeln, Angulus
Land of light people, light things "Angular faces"
The Land of Milk and Honey
Norse travelers traded Silver, Milk and Honey with England.
Originally the Angles [sic] lived in an area of Germany, but migrated to England.

Estland

Estonia , East lands
Land of grains, fruit, iron, and amber (glass).

Ireland

Eire land
Ierne land
Hibernia
Iouernia
Land of iron and bronze

Finland

Vinland
Wineland
Land of wine

Friesland

Friezland / Vreesland / Land of large people / Carpenters
Scandinavia

Helluland

Hel = dark, Lu = stone, Land of dark stones. Possibly Baffin Island,
Hel can also mean concealed, so it is possibly a port/haven/coven. There is a natural ocean break and town in Poland called Hel, and in Norse sagas the word Niflhel means In front Hel. It was a leper colony, which fits the description being the land of the dead.
Norse legend tells of a sailor who fell in love and married with a Volva (gypsy healer) from Hel. She returned home and he sailed after her, but found she had died, so he took her back home so that the queen of the gypsies could bring her back. When she awoke she had the ability to see the stars. This is possibly the origin of the phrase "To Hell and Back for love."
In Denmark a woman's grave was found who had a staff, white dress, and a Norse belt and buckle worn around her head. This is strikingly similar to the Greek tale of Orpheus in the Underworld (Also called Hel, or Hell)
However, a Star Clock is called a Volvel... could this be a tale of someone finding such a device (that can fortell the future, ie navigation) and bringing it back to the king for repair, where afterwards it can "see the stars"?

Holland

Hol-Land (empty / hollowed out land)
Nederland (other side of the sky / gloominess)
Nether-land / Underworld

Markland

Land of trees (Marks)
North Canada, Labrador, part of the Newfoundland

Poland

Land of dams.

Rusland / Russia

Rus = a rower in a ship, a strongman.
Land of strong kings (Stars / Tsars)

Serkland / Persia

Literally - Land of gowned people, cloths (serk)
The wariors here were called Beserkers (people covered in cloth)

Skotland / Scotland

Red land

L'Anse aux Meadows

Hell-Land, North America, Canada